Python.h header file not found by Nuitka

The Problem in a Few Words

Nuitka uses a “Backend C” compiler to create program code. That applies to all outputs: extension modules, accelerated binaries, standalone, or onefile. During this final phase, for the Python build from C code, the Python.h file was not found.

Background

This file is used to be able to create C code that integrates with Python, which is what Nuitka does. It is absolutely required.

Consequence

If you are using a system Python, execute the command from this table, it may require root rights.

Commands to install Python.h

Distribution Family	Python Version	Example Command
Debian / Ubuntu / Mint	Python 3.x	sudo apt-get install python3-dev (or e.g. python3.11-dev for a specific version)
Debian / Ubuntu / Mint	Python 2.7	sudo apt-get install python-dev
RHEL / CentOS / Fedora	Python 3.x	sudo dnf install python3-devel (use yum on older systems like CentOS 7)
RHEL / CentOS / Fedora	Python 2.7	sudo dnf install python-devel (use yum on older systems like CentOS 7)
SUSE / openSUSE	Python 3.x	sudo zypper install python3-devel
SUSE / openSUSE	Python 2.7	sudo zypper install python-devel
Alpine Linux	Python 3.x	sudo apk add python3-dev
Alpine Linux	Python 2.7	sudo apk add python2-dev
Arch Linux	Python 3.x	sudo pacman -S python (headers are included)
Termux (Android)	Python 3.x	pkg install python
Termux (Android)	Python 2.7	pkg install python2
Anaconda	Python 2.x / 3.x	Development headers are included with the python package. (e.g., conda create -n my_env python)